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in 2021-with funding from 
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign 


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BOOKS BY 


WILLARD RousE JILLSON 


GEOLOGY 


Oil and Gas Resources of Kentucky, 1919-1920 
Geology and Coals of Stinking Creek, 1919 
Contributions to Kentucky Geology, 1920 
Economic l’apers on Kentucky Geology, 1921 
Production of Eastern Kentucky Crude Uils, 1921 
The Sixth Geological Survey, 1921 

Oil Field Stratigraphy of Kentucky, 1922 
Conservation of Natural Gas in Kentucky, 1922 
Geological Research in Kentucky, 1923 

New Oil Pools of Kentucky, 1924 

The Coal Industry in Kentucky, 1922-1924. 
Kentucky State Parks, 1924 

Mineral Resources of Kentucky, 1924 


HISTORY 


The Big Sandy Valley, 1923 
The Kentucky Land Grants, 1924 


BIOGRAPHY 
Edwin P. Morrow—Kentuckian, 1922 


VERSE 
Songs and Satires, 1920 





KENTUCKY STATE PARKS 


THE LIBRARY 


OF THE 
WEIVER ITY AE ILLIMMIS 


weg cit 
ae Ph, pee 
Seed 





ONE OF THE CARTER CAVES 


With an opening portal of magnificent proportions—the 
largest of any cavern in Kentucky, the Bat Cave in 
Carter County, wintering and mysterious, is chiefly 
celebrated for the thousands of little insectivores who 
make it their home in winter, 





KENTUCKY 
STATE PARKS 


A Brief Presentation of the Geologyand Topography 
of Some Proposed State Park Areas Based 
Upon Original Field Investigation 


BY 
WitiarpD Rouse JILutson, Sc. D. 


STATE GEOLOGIST of KENTUCKY 
and Chairman of the 
Kentucky STaTe Park ComMMISssIUON 


a 


Illustrated with Thirty-four 
Photographs and Maps 


PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS 
Delivered before the 
KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 
AT LEXINGTON, KY, 

MAY 10, 1924 


— 


KENTUCKY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
FRANKFORT, KY. 
1924 


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h) AWA RH KN O cv KI) 4 24— Dup. 48 oT VA 


Oh. 


Copyright 1924, By 
WILLARD ROUSE JILLSON 





All Rights Reserved 


STATE JOURNAL COMPANY 
Printer to the Commonwealth 
Frankiort, Ky. 


~* @ 
@ee 
~ « 


LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
RECEIVED 


1924 


DOCUMENTS DIVISION 





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CONTENTS 
Page 

Be ETO BR ai ela A Sooty ale ae SRL Se a RS ee ix 
SORA Si BASE BESTS ala INE Sa hae a a Ibe PRE perro aa vii 
PD LRM Lg LO i Ae Ae eins aR ee a A OD xt 
CHAPTER I. ONE OUAL CES OF) lenses ncn ct yer ecneeet 1 
CHAPTER II. UE CL TPE TIEONE Thee CHOCO vores ewe ster eotanenr ented 9 
CHAPTER III. TREBOGLECT “GULVCS « cccdec cc hishtssncerevors 23 
CHAPTER IV. CUUNUD ELIOT me FEUES ioe Sasenstaceeg acca 31 
CHAPTER V. CP ETE UIUC EG CLT) ote seh cack cna nncccnasee 39 
CHAPTER VI. UNSDCATT ARDS TOU Ce 2 aret i necndenen tate dacvas 49 
Pe APIene Vie Ree TCOUKS. 0} SONQY. @ xccccccccesc 53 
URAPTER VIII. “in Belween the. Rivers’’..........--< 61 
CHAPTER IX. Ohio Lowlands and_ Reelfoot 
| TATE lepier Peedi elem eae meena 67 
CHAPTER X. The Kentucky River Gorge ........ 75 
I TOM Me RI geo a ar ea cs Foneruk pace vecckaphateveeantoctsersd 85 


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ILLUSTRATIONS 


F'RONTISPIECE—One of the Carter Caves 


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PE GODIN CG oS GN GlUCK Vee. c coeecarestinc- cteeguanes 3 
Birdseye View of Cumberland Falls........ 5 
Falls at Daniel Boone’s Cave..............-.---+« fe 
LGR CELT Carre ERG tee SP oe os ee ee 10 
Entrance to Mammoth Cave...................... 13 
The Region about Mammoth Cave.......... 16 
Stalactites in Great Onyx Cave.............. 19 
Wiley 2 OT GCG ee OSs es Ue ar eae esaee 24 
Region about the Carter Caves.................- 27 
A Natural Bridge that Resembles a Cave 29 
Boulder in Cumberland Gorge.................. 32 
COUT Or ATT Cm Be te eee eee eee ae 34 
Gorge and Falls of the Cumberland.......... 36 


A Mountain Stream in Whitley County.... 38 
Cumberland Mountain at Cumberland 


BED 4 bk Jagat guseds 7ahe Ss peer he pa Oe ee 40 
AS ILERE DOT 0 ie UR ie ee eee 42 
A Motor Road in the Log Mountains...... 44 
PW ELDAR Pest LL geese feo sn ee ee tesd seveereene 48 
Topography of the Natural Bridge Re- 

ae Co pet Tie 9 oe BI en ae ame tel 50 
Pe eS VOAks wOlG ree alld Van eo. ,.cccee 54 
Pine Mountain and “The Preakgy’’.............. 56 
The Beautiful Kentucky Mountains........ 58 
The Majestic Tennessee Rivev................-- 62 
LereLweens Les Hiv Clas sas ee 65 
OioanRivVGrs OWlAndS cee ee 69 
THEGLLOOUR LAK GR ea ee et 71 
In the Vicinity of Reelfoot Lake.............. 73 
CUTLVERLINGSY OO CoGgree ee co eee etre See ote 76 
PISelLi ne Ota LUG es WaALGrsse oy... scscceeetes 78 
The Gorge of the Kentucky........................ 80 
Palisades of White Limestone in Jes- 

SELINA LLG) et cee be es aa ieee 82 
High Bridge over the Kentucky................ 85 


PMGsICRUILOLUA Te ICr atl RLOL Gd ees ren 84 


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Preface 


Mere words can never adequately de- 
scribe the many points of natural beauty in 
Kentucky. The best of photographs, while 
better than prose, falls far short of doing 
justice to the inimitable sculpturing of 
wind and wave and frost. Nothing—even 
the inspired hand of genius spotting in the 
rainbow colors of the landscape—ap- 
proaches the realistic. The striking con- 
trasts in nature cannot be forced within 
the covers of a book. The vastness of the 
great outdoors, the infinite detail of each 
physical component; the myriad forms of 
life; the exquisiteness and adaption of each 
organism; the soul uplifting silence of the 
primeval forest; the fleeting liquid note of 
a passing songster—these and a thousand 
other wonderful experiences await the 
lover of nature in the wilderness. T’o know 
these things, to appreciate their sublime 
importance in life, one must leave brick 
and mortar and steel behind, and seek the 
quiet refreshment of the undespoiled ‘‘ back 
country.’’ Here are the natural parks 
awaiting State custodianship. Their ac- 
quisition and preservation by the Common- 
wealth, constitute a service in which we 
may all unite with pride and enthusiasm— 
assured in advance of an appreciative pos- 
terity. 


Old Capitol, y 7: ¢ = EF 
Frankfort, Ky. 


July 1, 1924. 


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Je 
INTRODUCTION. 


The proposal to establish at a number 
of well selected points broadly distributed 
throughout Jkentucky a group of State 
parks is not altogether a new one. From 
time to time during the last decade sugges- 
tions looking to this end have been made by 
various civic organizations in Kentucky 
and have received some attention in the 
State press. A series of seriously intended 
though unsuccessful attempts to federalize 
the Mammonth Cave region during the 
last twenty years may be interpreted as an 
expression of popular desire for a large 
outdoor recreational center selected be- 
cause of its physical uniqueness and nat- 
ural charm. 

First of Kentucky’s parks and _ the 
nucleus about which others may eventually 
be grouped are three of outstanding im- 
portance. These are: (1) The New State 
Capitol and grounds at Frankfort; (2) the 
State Forestry tract of about thirty-four 
hundred acres on Pine Mountain in Harlan 
County, and (3) ‘‘The Old Kentucky 
Home”’ near Bardstown in Nelson County. 
Purchase of the new Capitol tract was pro- 
vided for by the Legislature and the mag- 
nificent new State House was built in 1912. 


PrRoposep Kentucky Parks 


The forestry reserve was acquired by gift 
of deed in 1919, and the John Rowan home- 
stead, immortalized by Foster’s great song, 
was purchased by popular subscription in 
1921-22. Each, of course, will be main- 
tained in perpetuity by the State of Ken- 
tucky. The Capitol is annually the mecca 
for tens of thousands of tourists from all 
parts of America and the world. ‘‘The Old 
KKentucky Home’’ has been rehabilitated 
and is now functioning splendidly as a 
State Park—a veritable shrine for all Ken- 
iuckians. On the rugged slope of Pine 
Mountain in the Harlan preserve, the new 
State Forestry Bureau will undertake 
shortly an extensive program of forest re- 
generation. 

Within the last few years the marked 
erowth of Kentucky’s larger cities, the 
rapid extension of her system of highways, 
and the imminence of loss for all time of a 
number of justly famous natural areas 
such as the Mammoth Cave and Cumber- 
land Falls are seen as the outstanding rea- 
sons for a well organized and State wide 
public park movement in this State. If 
Kkentucky is ever to have a unit system of 
State Parks, broad recreational areas rich 
in historic dignity, and natural charm steps 


~<if 2 ero 


INTRODUCTION 


looking toward such an end must be taken 
soon, or industrial and commercial inter- 
ests will creep in and make such acquisi- 
tions impossble for all time. 





A PEEP INTO KENTUCKY ; 
View out of the tunnel of the Chesapeake, Clinchfield 
and Ohio Railroad down Big Sandy at ‘“‘The Breaks.” 


In the case of Mammoth Cave and Cum- 
berland Falls such permanent losses are a 
certainty unless these areas be acquired by 
the State within the next year or two. With 


~-<6f 3 eon 


PRoposep KEntTUCKY PaRKs 


this idea in mind the Kentucky General 
Assembly—1924—passed a law (Senate 
Bill No. 306, Truesdell) creating a Ken- 
tucky State (Park Commission of three 
members,! whose duties during the biennial 
period 1924-26, have been outlined to con- 
sist of an examination of available park 
sites in Kentucky, followed by selective 
recommendations to the legislature of 1926 
concerning those which might be regarded 
as suitable. The recommendations speci- 
fied in the act are to be accompanied by 
suggestions as to the best methods of se- 
curing for the State one or more of these 
tracts by popular subscription, or gift of 
the land. No State funds are appropriated 
for the purpose of purchase. Deed in per- 
petuity is to be made to the State of Ken- 
tucky which shall be charged with their 
maintenance and control. This law, which 
will take effect during the middle of June, 
1924, affords the first opportunity for sys- 
tematic organization looking towards the 
establishment of one or more additional 
Kentucky State Parks. 

Opinions will differ as to what kind of 
area should be selected for State park pur- 
poses. In general it may be indicated that 


1These commissioners are appointed for a two-year 
term and their duties are non-remunerative; see Acts 


of 1924, 
~ of 4 eon 


INTRODUCTION 


no tract should be made a State park which 
does not present a high type of physical 
excellence, great natural beauty, or out- 
standing historic importance. Regions 
which exhibit at one point or another the 
scarred and defaced artificialities of man 





BIRDSEYE VIEW OF CUMBERLAND FALLS 


On the craggy pinnicles close to the Cumberland River 
and above the gorge, many exquisite views of the Falls 
may be secured. 

should certainly never be admitted to seri- 
ous consideration. One or more fish and 
game preserves should be considered in 
order to inaugurate a broader conserva- 
tion policy. Kentucky, blessed beyond her 


~-<6f 5 Peon 


PrRoposep Kentucky Parks 


sister states in the central Mlississipp1 
Valley with natural wonders and beauties, 
and points of rich historic interest, has 
many areas which upon investigation will 
be found capable of meeting the most exact- 
ing specifications. 

In any serious consideration of State 
park sites the Mammoth Cave, in Kdmon- 
son County, Kentucky, a world wonder of 
the first order, must necessarily take first 
place. Following close are: (2) The Carter 
Caves of Carter County, Ky.; (3) the Cum- 
berland Falls in Whitley and McCreary 
counties, Ky.; (4) Cumberland Gap in Bell 
County, Ky.; (5) Natural Bridge in Powell 
and Wolfe Counties, Ky.; (6) The ‘‘ Breaks 
of Sandy’’ in Pike County, Ky.; (7) ‘‘In 
Between the Rivers’’ in Lyon and Trigg 
Counties, Ky.; (8) the Ohio River Lowlands 
in Ballard County, or the Reelfoot Lake 
region in Fulton County; (9) a portion of 
the Kentucky River Gorge in Central Ken- 
tucky, in parts of Jessamine, Garrard, Mer- 
cer or Woodford counties; (10) and some 
one or two areas of special significance as 
regards the early history of Kentucky. 
Among these might be mentioned tracts at 
Harrodsburg or Boonesboro the points of 
first settlement in Kentucky. These areas, 


~<<t 6 freon 


INTRODUCTION 


all items of natural beauty and historic 
charm, constitute a tentative list of recom- 
mendations which have been presented for 
consideration to the Kentucky State Park 
Commission. No action has yet been taken 
by the Commisson looking towards an of- 
ficial examination or a possible acquisition 
of any of these tracts. All recommenda- 





= ere 
FALLS AT DANIEL BOONE’S CAVE 
Along the gorge of the Kentucky River there are 


many springs and subterranean streams that break over 
the cliffs as waterfalls or cascades. 


tions which may be made concerning these 
and other tracts will, however, be carefully 
considered with ways and means at a later 
date. 

Many inquiries have been made as to 
the location, availability, and physical 


sf 7 eon 


PrRoposep Kentucky Parks 


aspect of such areas as have been proposed 
from time to time as suitable for erection 
into a Kentucky State Park. It is the pur- 
pose of this paper to present a considera- 
tion of the geological and physiographic 
conditions which obtain in these several 
areas together with a notation of some 
items of historical and human interest. In 
preparing these descriptions the writer 
who has visited all of these localities dur- 
ing the last several years has drawn prin- 
cipally upon his own field notes. The in- 
clusion of any particular area within this 
discussion does not, however, mean that it 
will receive favorable consideration, much 
less the approval of the Commission. For 
various fundamental reasons some tracts 
which have as yet never been proposed may 
possibly be among those finally selected. 
Looking toward final action which will 
merit universal approval the heartiest co- 
operation of all interested Kentuckians is 
solicited. 


~<6f 8 1m 


dil 
THE MAMMOTH CAVE. 


The first reference obtainable with re- 
spect to Mammoth Cave goes back to the 
year 1797 and is found on file in connection 
with a deed in the records of Warren 
County, at Bowling Green, Kentucky. In 
this paper the great cave is designated as 
a corner of a tract of land.? Later in 1812 
a deed of the Mammoth Cave tract from 
Flatt to McLean® again appears in these 
county records. Due to a lack of explora- 
tion, though parts of the cavern had un- 
doubtedly been used for many generations 
by the Indians, as some skeletal material 
and artifacts prove, the importance of the 
Mammoth Cave at this early time was not 
realized. So local tradition goes back to 
the hunter, Houchins, and his wounded 
bear. Jf the bear story is correct, and by 
seeking refuge in the cave the bear caused 
it to be discovered, he did more for Ken- 
tucky than any other bear either before or 
since his time. In making this observation 
no exception is taken to those wonderful 





2Hovey, H, G., Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, p. 9, 
1909. J. P. Morton & Co., Louisville, Ky. 


3 Jillson, W. R., Bibliography of Mammoth Cave. 
‘Ky. Geol. Survey, series vi, vol. 10, pp. 148-156 inclu- 


~<6f 9 been 


Proposep Kentucky Parks 





THE STAR CHAMBER 


Of the many visual treats in the Mammoth Cave none 
attracts more attention than the Star Chamber. Thou- 
Sands speculate on this unique phenomena annually. 


Tue Mammoth Cave 


bears that enticed the almost mythical 
‘‘Long Hunters’’ across the Blue Ridge 
Mountains to revel in the unexplored wild- 
erness of Southern Central Kentucky many 
years before the appearance of Daniel 
Boone. 

From 1812 when it was used for the pro- 
duction of saltpeter for gunpowder manu- 
facture to aid in carrying on the war 
against the British, down to the present 
time Mammoth Cave has had an ever in- 
creasing fame and popularity. It is better 
known throughout the world and has been 
more largely written upon than any other 
‘single thing in Kentucky. One biblhography 
at least on the Mammoth Cave shows near- 
ly one hundred titles,* and it is said that 
at least 400 articles, many of them now un- 
named and unknown, have been written and 
printed on the Mammoth Cave of Ken- 
tucky. Unfortunately for JKentuckians, 
Mammoth Cave located almost within the 
heart of the Blue Grass State enjoys a 
wider fame outside than within Kentucky. 
It has been said that fully seventy-five per 
cent of the thousands of visitors to Mam- 
moth Cave come from distant points in the 
United States, Canada, or Mexico. Many 
= 4illson, W. R., Bibliography of Mammoth Cave. 


Ky. Geol. Survey, Series VI, Vol. 10, pp, 148-156, in- 
clusive. 


-<if dial Heo 


PRoposeD Kentucky Parks 


are Europeans and the register kept at the 
cave shows names of tourists from all parts 
of the world. 

The Mammoth Cave is situated in one 
of the most rugged and delightful portions 
of central-southern Kentucky in eastern 
Kidmonson County within one-half mile of 
Green River. The country rock of this 
section has been designated as the Mam- 
moth Cave series of limestones, a group of 
calcareous formations many of which are 
nearly pure, and hence easily soluble. 
These limestones oecupy a stratigraphic 
position in the lower part of the upper 
Mississippian system or sub-carboniferous 
rocks. Specifically they are known as the 
St. Genevieve and St. Louis formations 
and are upwards of six hundred feet in 
thickness. They were deposited in clear 
open ocean water at a time in the remote 
geologic past just before the first great 
Coal Measures were laid down. 

The Mammoth Cave region forms a 
part of the typical ‘‘Karst’’ area of Ken- 
tucky. It is embraced within the well de- 
fined Mississippian plateau of this State 
in which it has been estimated there exist 
between sixty and seventy thousand sink 


~o6t 12 3 ae 


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PrRoposep Kmntucky Parks 


holes® of varying sizes. Its subsurface 
drainage is so extensive that it is undoubt- 
edly worthy of the designation as the type 
locality for Karst physiography in the en- 
tire United States. As in other ‘‘Karst’’ 
regions, particularly those in Southern 
Kurope bordering the Adriatic Sea, the 
principal part of the drainage is_ subter- 
ranean. In this Kentucky locality water 
finds its way to the Green River by means 
of thousands of sink holes to subsurface 
streams, some of which such as Echo River 
are of large size. Some short creeks and 
branches exist, but ultimate drainage is al- 
most without exception through one or 
more sinks—known to the farmers as 
‘‘ooose nests.’’ A well known exposed sub- 
terranean stream typical of many unseen 
in this region is the ‘‘Lost River’’ near 
Bowling Green, Kentucky. 

The extremely broken characteristic of 
the area about Mammoth Cave coupled 
with the low agricultural value of the soil 
have combined to the disadvantage of the 
farmer. The county limestone weathers to 
a dark blood red residual soil which is de- 
ficient in phosphorus, commonly quite 
stony, and readily washed into gullies. 


5 Jillson, W. R., Land of Ten Thousand Sinks. 
Science, Vol. LVIII, INOve 147. De 164 SeDt el. aoso, 


--f 14 }e- 


Tur Mammortu Cave 


Fortunately these defects have resulted in 
preserving this wonderful region in some- 
thing of its original beauty. The cavern- 
ous district surrounding Mammoth Caye, 
and including the other large and well 
known caves, is in its broader feature a 
parallelogram bounded on the north by the 
Green River and extending southeastward 
over a territory of about seventy-five 
square miles. Its northern portion is 
almost entirely wooded in original and sec- 
ond growth timber, the principal species 
being the oaks, poplar, beech, hickory, wal- 
nut, ash, dogwood and a variety of conifers 
including the dressy little cedar which is 
quite abundant. With alternating cliff and 
gently sloping hilltops it is a singular con- 
tinuation of limestone dells and_ coves, 
closed and open hollows, and picturesque 
little valleys which to the nature lover in 
the field apparently start nowhere and end 
nowhere. 

A glance at the new Mammoth Cave 
topographic quadrangle® exhibits, however, 
some more or less well defined pattern or 
arrangement of the major sinkholes of this 
region. It will be noted that the largest 
sink hole in this section is an extended one 





°U. S. G. S., Seale 1:62,500, contour interval 20 feet, 


~a6f 15 Ye 


1923 


Proposep Kentucky Parxs 





THE REGION ABOUT MAMMOTH CAVE 


Parts of Barren, Hart and Edmonson Counties ad- 
join h erein this unique Karst area. The contour in- 
terval is 20 feet and the scale 1 inch equals 1.5 miles. 


~o<6t 16 ben 


Tur Mamnmotu Cave 


‘some five miles in length lying just south 
of Mammoth Cave. Its head is just one 
mile west of Highland Springs, and its foot 
‘close above the Y. M. C. A. camp on the 
Green River. The new entrance to Mam- 
- moth Cave is located in the upper part of 
this sink valley just inside of the Hdmon- 
son County line. 

The configuration of this large sinking 
valley indicates that at an earlier time be- 
fore its roof collapsed, it must, indeed, 
have been a very great and labryinthine 
cavern. Originally it probably had many 
connections with the Mammoth Cave of 
which it may rightly have been an im- 
portant part. This great sink is bordered 
on the north by the Mammoth Cave proper, 
and on the south by another somewhat ex- 
tended sinking valley, portions of which 
are known as Owens Hollow, Woolsie Hol- 
‘low, Double Sink®Hollow and Cedar 
Springs Hollow. This unusually large col- 
lapsed cavern, now an open valley, has its 
head at Chaumont and its foot at the Turn- 
hole Bend of the Green River. Northeast 
of Mammoth Cave and separating it from 
Colossal Cave is a long line of deep sinks 
‘with its head in Hart and Barren counties. 
It is known as Houchins Valley. 


af 17 feo 


Proposep Kentucky Parks 


Taken in their entirety these two col- 
lapsed caverns with their many sink holes 
and ponds exhibit a fairly well defined 
dendritic pattern including that very im- 
portant relationship the acute angle of 
entry with the major draiage of the re- 
gion, the Green River. The ridges, attain- 
ing altitudes varying from 820 to 976 feet, 
are narrow and fairly flat. Their winding 
eourses afford the only routes for the 
country roads which at their best in mid- 
summer or early autumn are none too good, 
and during the remainder of the year are 
next to impossible. Most of the larger 
sink holes vary from 100 to 175 feet in 
depth. The low water elevation on the 
Green River which is locked is 430 feet. A 
metallic government bench mark on the 
spur near the entrance to Mammoth Cave 
is 748 feet above sea level. One at Glasgow 
Junction, the nearest point on the L. & N. 
Railroad, is 651 feet. 

Grouped about the Mammoth Cave, 
which is the principal and most widely 
known cavern of this section, are a num- 
ber of others which if they are of more re- 
cent discovery and development are hardly 
of less importance because of their own 
unique and particular attractions. Chief 


—-<6t 18 eon 


Tur Mammoru Cavr 


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PrRoposep KEntTUCKY PARKS 


among these is the Great Onyx Cave, the 
New Entrance to Mammoth Cave, Colossal 
Cavern, and Great Crystal Cave. Other 
well known caves in this region are: Hid- 
den River Cave, Horse Cave, Ganter’s 
Cave, Dorsey Cave, Salts Cave, White’s 
Cave, Dixon Cave, Proctor Cave, Long 
Avenue Cave, Preston Cave, Highland 
Cave, Indian Cave, Parker Cave, Doyle’s 
Cave, Cave of the Hundred Domes, Mam- 
moth Onyx Cave, Diamond Cave, and 
Cedar Sink Cave. This long list of named 
caves, caverns and grottoes but faintly in- 
dicates the vast and intricate system of 
subterranean chambers which is found in 
the Mississippian limestones of this region. 

A very large territory exists in this 
Karst part of the Green River Valley, 
which is yet entirely unexplored, and it 1s 
more probable than otherwise that new 
caves will continue te be opened during the 
next 50 or 100 years, some of which may 
very possibly equal in fact both in size and 
beauty any of the caves which are now 
known. Mammoth Cave has been explored 
through various routes a total distance of 
150 miles’ or more. It is altogether possi- 
ble that if all of the subsurface ramifica- 


7 Hovey, H. C., Mammoth Cave of eS Devos; 
Gt Ale Pp Morton and Co., Louisville, Ky 


~<#it 20 fee 


Tue Mammotu Cave 


tions of the caves of this section could be 
known and were plotted, the distance in- 
volved would extend into thousands of 
miles. An alignment of certain large sink 
holes and hollows of the Mammoth Cave 
region with their intervening plateau sec- 
tions leads to the belief that large caverns 
will be found southeast of the Mammoth 
Cave between Cedar Springs and Owens 
Hollow, and the great bend of the Green 
River north of Turnhole Ferry. 


a 


~a6f 21 fe 


Tit. 
THE CARTER CAVES. 


The most important caves in Hastern 
Kentucky are those which are found in cen- 
tral Carter County on the waters of Cave 
Branch of Tygarts Creek, a northeast flow- 
ing tributary of the Ohio River. The region 
has many sink holes, sinking branches, 
springs, natural bridges, and caverns. 
These caves like those of Edmonson County 
and others along the western border of the 
eastern coal field, the ‘Pine Mountain, and 
in Western Kentucky between the western 
coal field and the Cumberland River, occur 
in the lower part of the upper Sub-Carboni- 
ferous limestones. In this locality in Car- 
ter County they are designated as the St. 
Genevieve and Gasper, and attain a total 
measured thickness of ninety feet. These 
cavernous limestones are characterized by 
thin lamination, extreme cross bedding 
and the striking lithological combination 
of a highly caleareous aggregation of min- 
ute oolites generously intermixed with an 
abundance of very small rounded crystal 
quartz granules. 

The limestone thus formed is generally 
very porous. Only occasionally is it found 


=o it 93 been 


Propose Kentucky Parks 





THE X CAVE 


Two intersecting joint planes in the St. Genevieve 
limestone, opened by solution produced the X Cave, 
one of the unique caverns of the Carter County group. 


lar Carter Caves 


to be compact. Descending meteorie waters 
find in it the usual fracture, joint, and 
bedding planes as lines of slight resistance, 
and at many points, because of its great 
porosity and extreme solubility, literally 
infiltrate the entire limestone series. At 
the base of this calcareous oolite the thick, 
non-soluble, crossbedded Logan formation 
sets in and provides an ultimate flow bed 
for all subterranean waters. These green- 
ish elastics were formerly called the Wav- 
erly shales and constitute the lower part of 
the Mississippian system in this section. 
Nothing more than a part entrance such as 
that at Laurel Cave is ever developed in 
this formation as it is only removed by 
corrasion. In the northeastern portion of 
Kentucky the thinning of these Mississip- 
pian limestones to less than one hundred 
feet has definitely limited the vertical 
range of the caves. 

The Carter Caves are located in a ma- 
turely dissected plateau region. Hilly and 
with little good bottom land it is one of the 
rather sparsely settled portions of the 
State. Ridge elevations attain a maximum 
height of about 1,000 feet. The waters of 
Tygarts Creek at the mouth of Cave 
Branch is 695 feet above sea level. The 


--9ff 25 eon 


PrRoposep Kentucky ParKs 


surficial rocks in descending order are 
sandstones, shales and thin coals of the 
Coal Measures (Pennsylvanian) which in 
turn are underlain py the Gasper and St. 
Genevieve (Mammoth Cave) limestones 
and the Logan formation of the Mississip- 
pian. The individual tract embracing the 
caves has been but slightly timber cut, and 
for this reason the immediate surround- 
ines present much that is naturally beau- 
tiful. The cave region is in fact a veritable 
oasis of original timber in a part of this 
State that is conspicuous for its rather 
complete deforestation. 

Thus charmingly situated in an almost 
primeval environment these caves offer 
many unexpected delights to the nature 
lover. Like Mammoth Cave, parts of these 
caverns were used for Saltpeter manufac- 
ture during the war of 1812. The Swingle- 
ton or Saltpeter Cave near the Lodge is 
particularly notable in this respect. In it 
are to be seen many relies of that day and 
time, old puncheon broad axed _ poplar 
planks, casts of saltpeter vats, and the 
open grave of a traditional Indian princess. 
The Carter caves center about a point well 
up on the headwaters of Cave Branch of 
Tygarts Creek. They are all separate 

~<<fit 26 eon 


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Proposep KrentTucKy PARKS 


caverns and are named: Laurel Cave, 
Swingleton, X Cave, Cave Branch Cave, 
and Bat Cave. The last is the largest and 
in many ways one of the most interesting 
particularly with respect to its Stalactites 
and Stalagmites which assume many curi- 
ous and fantastic shapes. Laurel Cave has 
a small lake, and X Cave takes the form of 
the letter for which it has been named. In 
this vicinity there are two magnificent 
natural rock bridges sixty to eighty feet 
above the streams which flow through them, 
and a third smaller rock bridge. These 
bridges like the caves are formed out of 
the Mississippian oolitic limestones. The 
Carter Caves proper are separate and dis- 
tinct from those smaller caverns near Car- 
ter City which are widely known as the 
Oligonnnk. 

The cave region is ten miles as the bird 
flies nortwest of Grayson from which point 
they may be reached with a wagon or auto- 
mobile in the summer time. Tourists trav- 
eling in the Ohio Valley may take a short 
line railroad from Garrison to Carter, and 
thence to the Carter Caves by wagon or 
horseback. The elevation of the Carter 
County caves is about 800 feet, and the 
physical relief of the region is from 250 


~o6f I8 Heo 


ARTER CAVES 


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PrRoposep Kentucky Parks 


to 3800 feet. The Carter Caves region un- 
fortunately is not mapped topographically. 
It was located by the second Kentucky Geo- 
logical Survey (Proctor) on a reconnais- 
sance geological map® of Carter County 
which has been exhausted in edition for 
many years. 


&Hoeing, J. B., and Crandall, A. R., Geological 
Map of Boyd, Carter _ and Greenup Counties, Ky. Ky. 
Geol. Survey, Series II, Proctor. Scale of map 1 inch 
equals 2 miles. (1884), 








~-Gt 30 feo 


1 Aye 
CUMBERLAND FALLS. 


Kentucky’s largest waterfall is. situ- 
ated on the Cumberland River 32 miles be- 
low Wilhamsburg in Whitley and Mce- 
Creary counties. The Falls are 56 feet in 
height, the elevation above the falls rising 
‘gradually to a point shghtly above the ford. 
The region is a wild and picturesque one. 
~The Cumberland River comes down grace- 
fully from the Pine and Cumberland Moun- 
tains flanked on either side by majestic 
‘forested hills, and plunges in wild and 
splendid heauty over a single conglomera- 
tie ledge of the Lee sandstone. This forma- 
‘tion is the basal part of the Pottsville 
group in Kentucky and is of early Coal 
Measure age. In it below the Falls is de- 
veloped a deep gorge, narrow, boulder 
choked and tortuous in figure. The placid 
reaches of shallow and occasional riffle 
above the Falls are strangely contrasted 
with the violent swirls and currents of the 
river in the chasm immediately beneath 
and on down through the narrow confines 
of the wild and little frequented gorge. 

The region has many trails leading to 
points of vantage from which delightful 


--<6f 31 Heo 


PrRoposep Kentucky Parks 





BOULDER IN CUMBERLAND GORGE 
There is much in the Gorge of the Cumberland River 
to fascinate the eye of the nature lover. Giant rocks 
tilted and overturned by a capricious river abound. 


CUMBERLAND FALLS 


vistas may be obtained. There are at pres- 
eut, however, no first class automobile 
roads leading to Cumberland Falls. In the 
summertime it may be reached by lght 
automobile without much difficulty from 
Cumberland Falls Station, a point 13 miles 
distant on the Southern Railroad. The 
Falls is 19 miles by nearest forest trail 
from Williamsburg and the territory cov- 
ered is very rugged. 

The Cumberland River has entrenched 
itself in a meandering course in the Cum- 
berland plateau to a depth of 400 feet 
above the Falls. Although the terranes of 
the Cumberland Falls region, shales, sand- 
stones and conglomerates, are all of Potts- 
ville (Coal Measure-Pennsylvanian) age, 
the mineral resources are insignificant. 
The surface coals found here are thin, but 
the Hudson No. 2 a subsurface coal fre- 
quently attains on outcrop in the vicinity 
of Mill Creek a commercial thickness of 
five feet. What this seam might show in 
thickness immediately below the Falls is 
a pure speculation. While a number of 
wells have been drilled, neither oil nor gas 
has been found in commercial quantities. 
Most of the first class hard and soft wood 
has been eut out of this section, and noth- 


--<sit 3 3 been 


Proposep KENTUCKY PARKS 


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CUMBERLAND FALLS 


ing now remains except imperfect first and 
second growth timber. The rough and 
broken nature of the topography coupled 
with the thin and unproductive character 
of the soil has resulted in very few clear- 
ings to the Falls, and none that are con- 
spicuous. Thus it will be seen that the 
latent hydro-electric power value of this 
great waterfall is its only economic worth 
as contrasted to a glorious recreational 
area. 

An old rambling hotel which dates back 
to Civil War times and before, is situated 
on the conglomerate shelf which holds up 
this waterfall, and affords a kindly oldtime 
southern hospitality for tourists who pass 
that way. The region offers much to the 
nature lover, the fisherman, the hunter or 
the mountain climber, and would, all thing's 
considered, be ideal as a State Park site. 
During the past fifty years thousands have 
visited or summered at this point and have 
come to love it for its restful natural 
beauty and ruggedness. 

Unfortunately commercial interests 
now propose to erect a dam about 87 feet 
igh at a short distance above the water- 
fall, thus creating a pool extending back to 
Williamsburg. A flume along the moun- 


~><6t 35 Yeon 


Proposep KrpntTucKy Parks 


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CUMBERLAND FALLS 


tain side would, according to these plans, 
earry the Cumberland River except in 
times of flood to a point just below the 
Falls where it would drop onto turbines a 
distance of 155 feet and provide a rather 
important hydro-electric power unit. Such 
procedure while undoubtedly feasible from 
every standpoint would rob Kentuckians 
for all time of the greatest waterfall in the 
State, and set aside permanently a tract 
which possesses the priceless charm of un- 
dispoiled nature. The introduction of this 
power project into a region naturally so 
unique and delightful seems lttle short of 
a great public catastrophe. Cumberland 
Falls was topographically surveved on 
Cumberland Falls Topographic quad- 
rangle, scale 1:125,000, contour interval 
100 feet, in 1886. This old map, somewhat 
ceneralized, was reissued in 1921, and may 
be obtained at Frankfort. 


Proposep Kentucky Parks 


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—_o 


V 
CUMBERLAND GAP. 


In the southeastern part of Kentucky 
on the Virginia-Tennessee line there is lo- 
cated an old water gap of magnificent pro- 
portion which takes its name from the Cum- 
berland Mountains in which it is situated. 
Cumberland Gap, the former pathway of a 
great through-flowmg river which headed 
at some distant poimts undoubtedly in 
Eastern Tennessee and Western North 
Carolina, is unique and dear to the hearts 
of Kentuckians in many respects. Aban- 
doned as the result of a great piracy by the 
Powell River countless thousands of years 
ago, when the white man first came to this 
section it was already a gateway well 
known to the Buffalo and Indian. Dr. 
Thomas Walker passed through Cumber- 
land Gap in his explorations of Kentucky 
in 1750, and there is little doubt since he 
apparently knew about it and made it an 
important objective, but that it had even 
at that early time already been found by 
some other earlier trading or exploring 
white man now long since forgotten. 

It was through the Cumberland Gap 
and under the precipitous brow of Pinnacle 


--<%f 39 eo 


Proposep Kentucky Parks 


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CUMBERLAND FALLS 


Mountain rising to a height of 2,500 feet 
that Boone led the westward march of the 
early Kentucky hunters and immigrants. 
This gap was the much used back door— 
really the front door for a time—during 
the great migration and settlement of Ken- 
tucky. During the Civil War it was one of 
the naturally strategic points sought by 
the contending Union and Confederate 
armies. Today and for all time it will be 
the principal automobile thoroughfare from 
the northwest to the seaboard states of the 
Atlantic. Louisville, Lexington and Cin- 
cinnati are on the one side, Knoxville, 
Chattanooga, and Asheville on the other. 
It is on the direct and shortest line from 
Chicago to Jacksonville. 

The Cumberland Mountain in which the 
great gap is situated is one of the two true 
mountains of elevation in Kentucky. It 
rises in close proximity to the Gap to ele- 
vations of about 3,000 feet. The mountain 
itself is composed of a series of clastic sedi- 
ments, the most prominent of which, as 
in the Pine Mountain on the other side of 
the Middlesboro syncline, is the Lee sand- 
stone formation. It is a conglomerate, and 
the lowest of the Pottsville group in Ken- 
tucky. The local geological section shows 


— ff 41 Peron 


PrRoposep Kentucky Parks 





CUMBERLAND GAP 
A single visit to Cumberland Gap will convince the 
most skeptical that its claims as a park site are sound. 
Contours 100 feet apart, scale 1 inch equals 4 miles 
approximately. 


CUMBERLAND GAP 


in association with this mountain making 
formation a series of sandstones and shales 
all belonging to the same early Coal Meas- 
ure group. These beds have a thickness in 
this locality of 3,500 feet, and are under- 
lain by the limestones and shales of Miss- 
issippian age which though comparatively 
thin in this section afford numerous sinks, 
caves, and caverns. 

Situated on the edge of the important 
Southeastern Kentucky coal field, the min- 
eral resources of the restricted Cumber- 
land Gap region are practically of no value. 
Neither coal, nor oil, nor gas is found in 
here in commercial quantity or quality, and 
the mountain forming sandstones them- 
selves are not of sufficient hardness, for 
the most part, to provide suitable materials 
either for building or highway construc- 
tion. Like other rugged areas in the South- 
ern Appalachian coal field its agriculture 
is insignificant and far from self sustain- 
ing for the local population. The Gap re- 
gion, however, though barren of much of 
material wealth, possesses great natural 
beauty and physical charm. It has besides, 
a very delightful climate particularly in the 
summer. Located on a long craggy moun- 
tain range In a region where many peaks 


--<6f 43 bro 


Proposep Kentucky Parks 





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—_o 


CUMBERLAND Gap 


though founded on but slightly disturbed 
sediments exceed that of the great parallel 
barrier ridges—the Pine and Cumberland 
-—the ‘‘Gap’’ is a nation’s gateway. This 
historic pass, 1,649 feet high, is readily ac- 
cessible to auto tourists, for the well known 
Dixie A route, now complete in Kentucky, 
passes through it. Travelers going by 
train will use the Louisville and Nashville 
Railroad. 

Standing on Pinnacle Mountaim just 
above and to the east of the Gap a vista of 
from 30 to 50 miles over a sea of blue 
erested, timbered ridges is obtainable in 
most any direction. Here at this point 
come together three States; Kentucky, Vur- 
ginia and Tennessee. Down below and to 
the northwest in a broad upland valley it- 
self at an elevation of 1,200 feet above sea 
level is the thriving town of Middlesboro, 
one of the industrial marvels of the Ken- 
tucky mountains. Cumberland Gap is 
picturesque, strategic, historic. It pos- 
sesses all of the physical qualifications of 
the ideal State Park site. It was topo- 
graphically surveyed on the Cumberland 
Gap quadrangie, to the seale of 1:125,000 
with a contour interval of 100 feet in the 
year 1882. A new edition was issued in 
TES a fe 

-<<it 45 ee 





Vale 
NATURAL BRIDGE. 


Among the natural bridges of Kentucky 
there is one which because of its size and 
accessibility is of outstanding importance. 
This is the great rock arch located on the 
dividing ridge between Wolfe and Powell 
counties in the Red River Valley in East- 
ern Kentucky. In an air line it is about six 
miles northwest of Campton and nineteen 
miles shghtly northeast of Irvine. The 
local station is Natural Bridge on _ the 
Louisville and Nashville Railroad. Be- 
cause of its proximity to central Ken- 
tucky and its ease of approach it is yearly 
visited by thousands of tourists, many of 
whom are Kentuckians. 

Natural Bridge itself is composed of 
the Pottsville conglomeratic sandstone 
which forms so outstanding a_ physical 
feature along the western edge of the east- 
ern coal field. Rock-house blocks of large 
size spalling off on either side on a narrow- 
ing strip of ridge conglomerate developed 
the first opening. Wind, frost and weather 
following in quick and helpful succession 
have served to widen the break in this old 
Coal Measure sandstone until today the 


~- if 47 ben 


Proposep KEntTUCKY PaRKs 





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arch is now high above the trail which 
leads up underneath it. The opening is 
85 feet wide at the bottom. The bridge it- 
self is 30 feet broad on top and is very 
strong and sound. It would easily support 
two heavily loaded railroad trains were it 
possible or advantageous to take them 
over it. 

The region about Natural Bridge is one 
of great ruggedness. The Lee Conglom- 
erate (Pottsville) forms all of the ridges 
as far as the eye can see and maintains a 
well defined accordance of plateau ele- 
vations ranging from 1,800 to 1,350 feet. 
Underlying this great sandstone stratum is 
found the usual sequence of limestones and 
siliceous beds of the Sub-carboniferous, 
which here as at many other points are 
cavernous and dented with rock houses and 
erottoes. Springs and sinks are numerous 
and one great balancing rock resembling a 
flattened sphere is a special feature of 
natural interest. KHlevations in the valley 
on the Middle Fork of the Red River run 
about 800 feet, giving a maximum relief 
for this section of 550 feet. 

Some time ago the Louisville and Nash- 
ville Railroad sensing the scenic possibili- 
ties of this wild and rugged section ac- 


-<6f 49 Peon 


Proposep KEntTUCKY PARKS 


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NaturaL Bripacs 


quired and set aside the bridge region as a 
tourist park. It has been improved to the 
extent of a number of paths, steps, benches 
and a little artificial lake, but as now op- 
erated lacks much in the way of adequate 
hospitality for tourists coming from a dis- 
tance since no hotel is maintained there. 
It is a region which is susceptible of great 
things in a parkway and would, could it ‘be 
secured, provide an excellent State park. 
The region was topographically mapped on 
the Beattyville quadrangle, scale 1 :125,000, 
contour interval 100 feet in 1890. The 
present edition was printed in 1916. 


a 


~-<6t 51 fie 





VIT, 
THE “BREAKS OF SANDY.” 


One of the most delightful spots in 
Eastern Kentucky from a standpoint of 
rugged picturesqueness and _ healthful 
climate is found in the vicinity of the 
‘‘Breaks of the Big Sandy River.’’ This 
region extends from a point about one mile 
northwest of the Kentucky lne to ‘‘The 
Towers’’ which are great separated sand- 
stone pinnacles 1,596 feet high. These 
gigantic rocks towering above the high 
forested ridges, their sharp features clear- 
ly defined against the deep blue sky, have 
ever been a source of wonder and admira- 
tion to the traveler in this part of the Cum- 
berland Mountains. They are situated two 
miles just southeast of the Kentucky line 
in Virginia. Geographically this wild and 
semi-primeval region crosses the great 
Pine Mountain which rises to normal alti- 
tudes in this vicinity of from 2,000 to 2,500 
feet. Occasionally an individual peak like 
that at Skeggs Gap (2,773 feet), two and 
one-half miles in air line southwest of the 
‘‘Breaks,’’ attains somewhat higher eleva- 
tions which makes it distinctive. 


—-<fif 5 3 feo 


PRoposEeD KENTUCKY PARKS 


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THe Breaks or SANDY 


The region surrounding the ‘‘ Breaks of 
Sandy’’ is one which preserves and will 
continue to preserve for many years the 
rugged primeval grandeur of original con- 
ditions. Though in the heart of the South- 
ern Appalachian coal field it is one in which 
little or no mineral of commencial value ex- 
ists either in the way of coal, oil, or gas 
and one which is too rough to allow of 
even the most painstaking kinds of moun- 
tain agriculture. The lack of mineraliza- 
tion in this region is due to the uplift and 
overthrust to the northwest of the lower 
conglomeratic members of the Pottsville 
series. These formations do not contaim 
commercial coals. If oil or gas ever were 
trapped under the Pine Mountain anticline | 
it has long since escaped through a thou- 
sand fractures. | 

The Russell Fork of the Big Sandy 
River at this point has maintained a 
‘*preak’’ through the Pine Mountain uphft 
since the close of the Paleozoic era. On 
either side of this great sandstone gorge 
over 1,000 feet of continuous Pottsville 
(Coal Measure) strata may be seen. At 
points slightly removed from the ‘‘ Breaks’’ 
this cloumn of alternating shales, sand- 
stones, and massive conglomerates may be 


~-<ff 55 eo 


Proprosep Kentucky Parks 


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Tur Breaks or SANDY 


extended to about 1,600 feet. The ‘‘ Breaks 
of Sandy’’ is a water gap of particular 
significance in that it is one of three to 
eross the Pine Mountain range which, lke 
a great sleeping giant with his feet in 
Tennessee and his head nearly in West 
Virginia, forms a part of the southeastern 
boundary of Kentucky and is about 90 
miles in length. 

Just inside of the Kentucky line in Pike 
County in a great meander of the Russell 
Fork there is a broad flat upland spur just 
south of the river which the stream has 
abandoned in the course of its meandering 
entrenchment. This area, essentially a 
plateau, with elevations varying from 900 
to 1,050 feet, would afford a very excellent 
State Park site. It is surrounded on all 
sides by high crested timbered mountains 
and is traversed by the Carolina, Clinch- 
field and Ohio Railroad. This tract though 
cleared at present affords but a very poor 
livehhood for a few scattered mountain 
farmers. The entire region is of little 
value except for hydro-electric power and 
scenic or park purposes. 

Along a boulder strewn course the 
young and vigorous Russell Fork of Sandy 
races through an inner gorge 150 feet deep 


—- <i 7 fee 


Provposep KENTUCKY PARKS 





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SNIVINOOW AMOQNUNGAM TOKWILOVEd AL 


i 58 je 


Tuer Breaks or SANDY 


which bounds this plateau on three sides. 
Fishing and camping sites abound of every 
direction. The summer climate is ideal, 
and the opportunities offered for mountain 
exploration are unequaled in the Southern 
Appalachians. The region may be most 
easily reached by rail from points in cen- 
tral Kentucky over the Chesapeake and 
Ohio Railway from Ashland. This route 
winding beside the graceful meanders of 
the Big Sandy and the Levisa Fork Rivers 
past the historic towns of Louisa, Paints- 
ville, Prestonsburg and Pikeville threads 
one of the most picturesque and scenic 
parts of the Southern highlands. <At the 
‘‘Breaks’’ along mountain trails bordered 
by laurel and dogwood, one breathes with 
exhilaration the romantic atmosphere of 
the great mountains. At dawn, at noon- 
tide, at nightfall the forest fragrances, the 
silences, the vistas, the overwelling experi- 
ence of freedom and the sense of the 
primeval—are magnificent and quite be- 
yond description. Those who may be in- 
terested in this region made famous by 
Fox in his stories of the Cumberlands will 
find that it has been topographically sur- 
veyed on the Regina topographic quad- 
rangle, scale 1:62,500, contour interval 50 
feet. This excellent map was issued in 


1917. ll. 59 Yew 





ARIE 
“IN BETWEEN THE RIVERS.”’ 


Any comprehensive system of State 
Parks should inelude one or more sizeable 
tracts set aside as game preserves and bird 
sanctuaries. Such action would be particu- 
larly fitting in Kentucky which at the time 
the first settlers came here, and for many 
years thereafter, was widely known for its 
wealth of wild life. Fortunately, although 
the original stock of many native species 
including the picturesque buffalo, the deer 
and the bear are gone, and hunting and 
fishing have long since ceased to be the 
principal occupations of the Kentuckian, 
there is a tract in the ‘‘Pennyrile’’ of Ken- 
tucky in southwestern Lyon County and 
western Trigg County (to be more exact) 
which would be ideal for this purpose. This . 
region is situated west of the Cumberland 
and east of the Tennessee, and is known 
loeally as ‘‘In Between the Rivers.’’ The 
description is apt, for at Grand Rivers 
where the Illinois Central Railroad crosses" 
this region on its way to Paducah, the 
Cumberland takes a great bend to the 
southwest and comes within three miles of 


—-<{ 61 


Proposep Kentucky Parks 





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In Between THE Rivers 


meeting the Tennessee in its larger bend to 
the northward. 

Throughout this entire section these two 
major rivers are separated from one an- 
other by distances varying from five to 
seven miles. The territory thus almost 
surrounded by water in Kentucky is prin- 
cipally controlled in one large tract of up- 
wards of 55,000 acres by the Hillman Land 
and Iron Co., a subsidiary of the Simmons 
‘Hardware Co., of St. Louis, Mo., and was 
originally acquired for iron ore deposits 
which are known now not to exist in com- 
mercial quality, though they are large in 
area. Although extensively cut over in 
early times when these low grade ores were 
operated in a number of charcoal furnaces, 
the second and third growth timber with 
some fire protection has replaced prac- 
tically all deforested areas. What was two 
or three decades ago a succession of aban- 
doned ridges and valleys is now almost a 
continuous young forest. Ideally situated 
for this purpose it is used at the present 
time by the State Game and Fish Commis- 
sion as a State preserve for deer and 
turkeys and other small game. A special 
“warden is maintained on this preserve by 
the State in connection with the Hillman 


—-<t 63 He 


Proposep Kentucky Parks 


Land and Iron Company, whose duties con- 
sist of daily patrol in protection of the 
game and extensive forests. 

The surface presents a variegated 
broken landscape with an average physical 
rehef of about 200 feet. The underlying 
country rocks are bedded limestones prin- 
eipally of the Mammoth Cave group (St. 
Genevieve, St. Louis) over which extends 
a blanket of unconsolidated sands and 
gravels of Cretaceous age. These loose, 
and in some cases badly washed sediments 
are in fact the most extensive outher to the 
northeast of the sediments laid down in 
the old Gulf Embayment. Their soft roll- 
ing nature has caused them to. spread 
rather completely over all residual lime- 
stones and soils underlying so that the en- 
{ire region is one in which agriculture is 
unable to get a foothold. 

Naturally fenced by water on three 
sides this territory in Western Kentucky 
is almost ideal for the purposes of a game 
preserve and bird sanctuary. Fenced on 
the south from the Tennessee to the Cum- 
berland, and over a short stretch on the 
north in the vieimity of Grand Rivers it 
could be developed as a magnificent State 
monument dedicated to the perpetuation of 


=a 64 fe~ 


In Between THE Rivers 





IN BETWEEN THE RIVERS 


A portion of southern.-Lyon County, Kentucky, be- 
tween the Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers. Scale 
of this map 1 inch equals 4 miles approximately. 


Proposep Kmntucky Parks 


countless varieties of fauna native to this 
portion of the Ohio and Mississippi River 
valleys. The region is extremely accessi- 
ble being on the main line of the Illinois 
Central Railroad from Louisvlle to Pa- 
dueah, the nearest station being Eddyville 
or Kuttawa. Unfortunately it has never 
been topographically mapped, but recon- 
naissance geological and geographic maps 
for this region are available.® 





®Fohs, F. J., Geological Map of Trigg and Christian 
Counties, Ky. 38rd Ky, Geol. Survey. Scale 1 inch 
equals 2 miles; also, Bissel, J. L., Geographic Map of 
Lyon and Livingston Counties, Ky. 6th Kentucky Geo- 
logical Survey. Scale 1 inch equals 2 miles. 1923. 


a 


~-a6t 66 Be-- 


1B: € 


OHIO LOWLANDS AND REELFOOT 
LAKE. 


Bordered on the west by the Ohio River 
and lying shghtly northwest of Wickliffe 
in Ballard County, Kentucky, there is a 
tract of lowland which was once the river 
bed of the Ohio. It is a tangled wilderness 
of vines and small shrubs extending as far 
as the eye can see under a canopy of great 
oak, poplar, cypress, hickory and other 
broad leaf trees. The region is marked by 
many small creeks and sloughs, and 
studded here and there with a score or 
more of little lakes. These fresh water 
ponds are all connected in the waters of 
Shawnee Creek and extend intermittently 
northwards almost to the mouth of 
Humphreys Creek which is a northwest- 
ward flowing tributary of the Ohio River. 
Except for some ot the best timber which 
has been removed, this tract is practically 
in its original condition. Only a small por- 
tion is cleared and under the plow. It is a 
natural reservation for game, birds and 
fish; a resort for all kinds of water fowl, 
and so thoroughly adapted to them that 
many of them spend the entire summer 


-<6f 67 ben 


Proposep Kentucky Parks 


there instead of going further northward. 
This is particularly true of the brightly 
plummed and elegant wood duck. 

The region is flanked on the east by a 
rather pronounced bluff about 150 feet 
high. This escarpment extends from Wick- 
liffe to the mouth of Humphreys Creek in 
almost a north and south line and in figure 
and relationship to other structural fea- 
tures of this portion of the Mississippi val- 
ley is strongly suggestive of down faulting 
of a block of possibly considerable extent. 
These lowlands are made up entirely of 
soft river aluvium, and are, geologically 
speaking, very recent accumulations, possl- 
bly not more than a few hundred or a thou- 
sand years old. The bluffs which flank 
them on the east are either a brown loam, 
gray silt or loess of Quaternary age. The 
region comprises some 50,000 or 60,000 
acres and parts of it are ideally adapted 
to the purposes of a bird and game sanctu- 
ary because of its topographic and geo- 
graphic position. Itis well known through- 
out Western Kentucky as a fishing and 
hunting paradise, many of the lakes being 
shallow enough for the hunters to wade 
them throughout; others deep enough to 
afford excellent bass fishing. Swan Pond, 


~-<if 68 eon 


Onto Lownanps 











America 


oy? 














rund City 











OHIO RIVER LOWLANDS 


The lake or pond region north of Wickliffe in Ballard 
County is a natural preserve for fish, fowl, and small 
furred animals. Scale 1 inch equals 3 miles, approxi- 


mately. 


Proposep KENTUCKY PARKS 


Minor Lake, Prairie Lake and Ox Lake are 
among the best known and most popular in 
this section 

Geologically, the region is a part of the 
old Gulf Embayment of Kentucky and 
Missouri. It has special interest in being 
a part of the most recent addition, geolog- 
ically, to the State of Kentucky. This 
Ohio River lowland is owned to a consider- 
able extent in large individual tracts. Since 
it possesses no economic value outside of 
its timber unless thoroughly ditched and 
drained, it is possible that without much 
difficulty some portions of it at least might 
be secured to block out a State park for 
fish and game purposes. It is easy of ac- 
cess on the railroad either through Cairo, 
Illinois, or Wickliffe, Kentucky. The re- 
gion has never been topographically sur- 
veyed, but it has been base mapped!® geo- 
eraphically and geologically by reconnais- 
sance methods which will serve for pur- 
poses of consideration. 

This Wickliffe region has been de- 
scribed as a type or ideal location of its 
kind. Farther up the Ohio River from 
Paducah to Henderson there are other 


10 Loughridge, R. H., and others. Geological Map 
of Jackson’s Purchase, colored. Scale 1 inch equals 
2 miles, occasional elevations. Ky. Geol. Survey, Series 


II, 1885, 
~<<6t 70 Heo 


Outo LowlaAnpbs 


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Proposep Kmntucky Parks 


similar tracts forming a part of the south- 
ern shore or lowland, lake and pond 
studded for many amile. It would be ideal 
for purposes of wild life, fish and game 
conservation if somewhere in this vast 
stretch of territory, fortuitous cireum- 
stances might result in locating a large 
State preserve through gift of deed to the 
land. Once acquired it would be easy and 
imexpensive to maintain. Under certain re- 
strictions imposed by the State, it might 
indeed be made self sustainng. 
Possessing a striking physical similar- 
ity to the Chain lake region of Ballard 
County, and undoubtedly a much wider 
reputation, the Kentucky or northern por- 
tion of Reelfoot Lake in Fulton County has 
much to reeommend it as a State fish and 
game preserve and park. The portion in- 
volved would include perhaps about. five 
square miles adjoining the Tennessee line 
in the extreme southwestern part of the 
State. The highest land elevations here 
range about 300 feet as on Sassafras Ridge. 
The general level is about 295 feet and the 
waters of the Lake are but 290 feet. The 
_ bluffs which border the lake region on the 
east have a general elevation of 460 feet. 
Hickman, the seat of Fulton County, situ- 


=<afi 7: » eon 


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~<6f 73 eo 


PrapewW RIN 


PrRoposep Kentucky Parks 


ated some half dozen miles northeastward 
on the Mississippi River has a level eleva- 
tion of 256 feet. As in the Chain lake re- 
gion this section of Kentucky adjoins the 
Mississippi River. The formations sur- 
rounding Reelfoot Lake are valley alluv- 
iums, soft silts, sands and fine gravels of 
Quaternary age. 

Reelfoot Lake was formed by an ex- 
tended series of earthquake shocks, known 
as the New Madrid disturbance, which cul- 
minated in the changed course of the Miss- 
issippl River in 1811.1! Much has appeared 
concerning it in books and magazines. It 
is surrounded entirely by lowlands, the 
lake itself being shallow, particularly in 
many of the inlets or bayous. With its 
wealth of plant, animal and fish life it 
would make a splendid conservation park 
or preserve, a real paradise for the nature 
lover, scientist and disciple of Isaac Wal- 
ton. Fringed by great sweeping vine laced 
trees with gloriously blossoming lily beds 
jiterally covering acres, it is at once a sight 
and a place not soon to be forgotten. 


11 fuller, M. L., New Madrid Parthquake. U. S. 
Geol. Survey, Bull. 494, illustrated, maps, 119 pp. 1912; 
also Nelson, W, A., Reelfoot—An Earthquake Lake in 
Tennessee. Nat. Geog., May, Vol. XLV, No, 1, illus- 
trated, pp. 94-114, Jan., 1924. 


~<<6t 74 eon 


X, 
THE KENTUCKY RIVER GORGE. 


Last but not least among the many nota- 
ble and scenically attractive portions of 
IXentucky, some part of the Kentucky 
River Gorge deserves serious considera- 
tion. The most picturesque scenery is 
found from the vicinity of Camp Nelson 
down the river past High Bridge to War- 
wick. In this stretch of twenty-five miles 
by water the Kentucky River, an age old 
siream, has entrenched itself about 400 feet 
in a series of gray-white limestones, the 
oldest sediments exposed in the State. In 
this region following graceful meanders 
which carry one back to ancient davs of 
peneplanation, the Kentucky River offers 
at most any point an ideal park site. In- 
deed, one of commercial nature has been 
maintained by the Southern Railroad at 
High Bridge opposite the mouth of the Dix 
River for a number of years. 

On either side the soluble Ordovician 
limestones present most interesting geolog- 
ical phenomena: caves, candlesticks, rock 
chimneys, rock houses, rock windows and 
doors, calcareous falls, trails, and springs 
—-all an inspiration to the nature lover. 


--<6f 75 feo 


Proposep KENTUCKY PARKS 





CHIMNEY ROCK 


Several of these natural chimneys or candlesticks are 
to be found along the gorge of the Kentucky River in 
the Blue Grass Region, 


Kentucky River Gorcrt 


The bright almost perpendicular limestone 
walls of the great gorge are draped and 
festooned with many a vine and shrub. 
Like silken ribbons of emerald hue the nar- 
row lowlands here richly carpeted with 
Blue Grass, and there platted with waving 
rows of corn and hemp stretch on endlessly 
from waters marge to walls of bold gray 
stone. The slow moving, government 
locked river mirroring on a summer’s day 
the abrupt forest fringed cliff and the clear 
blue sky afford the canoeist and fisherman 
a haven of delight. Broad beaches of sand, 
the burden garnered by this magnificent 
stream in its winding course down through 
the Eastern Kentucky coal field, provide at 
a number of points in the gorge splendid 
opportunities for bathing and water sports. 

In the silent reaches of the river, par- 
ticularly at nightfall, there is much yet to 
take one back to the days of the pioneer. 
The occasional rudely built log cabin nest- 
ling among the trees in or near the mouth 
of a cove, the fragrant odor of wood burn- 
ing in an old time fireplace, and the melan- 
choly piping of some distant water fowl, 
create a priceless atmosphere of olden 
times. While breathing the spirit of a day 
gone by, mid falling dew and river mist, 


--<<if rive Jeon 


KY PARKS 


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Kentucky River Gorcr 


the traveler in these parts will be very un- 
lucky if he does not catch the strengthen- 
ing aroma of good Kentucky country cured 
ham and find suddenly upon turning a 
sharp bend in the river, a well built Blue 
Grass farmhouse and open hearted Ken- 
tucky hospitality for the night. 

The gorge region of the Kentucky 
River is traversed by many country pikes 
and hard surfaced modern automobile high- 
ways. At High Bridge the river is crossed 
by the Southern Railroad whose gigantic 
steel structure stands 3808 feet above the 
water level. A great hydro-electric power 
project is now under construction a short 
distance up the Dix River, and this will 
shortly afford a deep and splendid spawn- 
ing pond for black bass. Jt will insure in 
the course of the next few years excellent 
fishing in the Kentucky River at any point 
in close proximity to the mouth of the Dix 
River. While the river alluvium in the 
gorge is fairly rich, the difficulty experi- 
enced by farmers at many points in getting 
their crops to the plateau above naturally 
makes these tracts of less value than others 
more fortunately situated in Central Ken- 
tucky. The region is mineralized at but a 
few points where calcite, barite and fluor- 


Proposep Kentucky Parks 





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Kentucky River Gorcs 


spar occur as more or less vertical fracture 
and joint fillings. Omitting these, a very 
nominal value might be established for 
long stretches intervening which would be 
ideal for this kind of a State Park. It is 
possible that some tract or group of tracts 
might be secured by gift or popular sub- 
scription for this purpose. 

The value and popularity of a park in 
the Kentucky River Gorge is already at- 
tested by the increasing number of campers 
now summering in this locality. One of the 
larger recreational spots is Camp Daniel 
Boone which is located a few miles above 
Camp Nelson on the south shore of the 
river at the mouth of Otter Creek. This 
was the site of the historic Boonesboro, 
Kentucky’s first settlement. Here it was 
that Boone planned a refuge in the wilder- 
ness, a deer and buffalo hunter’s fortress 
far removed from civilization. Fortress in 
fact it became, and sooner than its founder 
had thought when bloodthirsty savages un- 
numbered crept down upon it and in merci- 
less siege, threatened again and again in 
those early days its very existence. It was 
indeed a time for stout hearts and ready 
hands. Though all traces of the rude stock- 
ade and its cabins have long since vanished 


—<<f 1 eon 


PRoposep Kentucky Parks 


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Kentucky River Gorcr 


a wealth of romantic and pioneering tradi- 
tion still pervades the atmosphere of this 
delightful locality. 

Within recent years the camper’s tent 
‘and cottage have crept into many a wooded 





THE CAPITOL AT FRANKFORT 


cove along these placid stretches of the 
Kentucky River gorge, occupants coming 
from not only points in Kentucky but 
throughout both Northern and Southern 


---<t 83 Heo 


Proposep Kentucky Parks 


States. At the present time there are 110 
cottages dotted along this part of the Ken- 
tucky River between Irvine and Frankfort, 
and the total number of vacationistst sum- 
mering in this part of the State might be 
reckoned in the thousands. During the 
season certain beaches are _ literally 
crowded, visitors coming by automobile for 
the day only. A State Park with adequate 
up-to-date hotel accommodations — sur- 
rounded by suitable temporary camping 
sites would be a success beyond any reason 
of a doubt. The possibilities of this por- 
tion of Central Kentucky as a great public 
playground during the summer months are 
almost without limit. All that is needed 
here as in many other parts of Kentucky to 
bring about this larger utilization is a 
more general appreciation of the splendid 
cpportunities afforded. 


--6f R4 bie 


Kentucky River Gorce 


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INDEX 


A. Page 
(IE LO CERIN Te ay ae a ae Rae pam & S .Sea  o 14 
RnPTSPDRCULLUL TER aes foot eee rege en Oe eee ee ee on 59 
OT Ce UTR Tai a a rae en ce ee eR 41 

Bb: 
Le Tm E Tig ee CBE b ha Bo gag iG hee ee 0 tals SE ae a a oe 6, 72 
Perot ie Vas Vis ee ee A by 
SUES 51 gs Rica ee betel RO Re RR OG eS SO eC 28 
PAPE EMCI L Vt PSV nt ew eon oae rs TZ 
Brena TLLGe a yee an rn eee ny eee oe RS! Soe te oan 51 
eee RS PUL ITE. ry. V cess cme cae ea eee eee Co cers wines tccuvesies 6 
BMA TIGL Vat feb cae act cae ets keen oe ete accel 55, 59 
US Tee Ek ae, ee SU tee Ral ae oe Be ad 
og Ne Ob NEST pm acral 9 a Beet etc eh ee ar a aa ar a er. 82 
Pea S SL LOs ee he et ee ees 11 
SNOT 7 Balls Beach ms ke delet tie eiv liner Sane (ee Ae MOP rae b Senet es Dera eee 11 
‘a tayeT CST Dow ed Ve) che Bit cot pie oe ied als ne a ee 11, 41 
SC yakete UEP RGAE LOE Y Copa) geome! snl adele Mig Mamie cone oa ee tee #4 
sei a bdo te apd, ete ie 60 at) Loe Se Re ae lee eee 6 
Bowling Green, KY 22a on kOe ath ep Claas ee a 14 
Perel Sang Vos ase en es < 6, ba, 64, 65, 56,59 
12 La X40 eh iy ole 3 2 rs RR Rot etter 11 
ELC Nees ke Bt Nae Ea a 39 

Rss 
PRE LTLIC POUT Gs aa rte te ace cranny Se A 81 
CLT ie eat Tg) a Ia Ca tee eae ee (Dou 
CCPC Ay gS SE aes oe pens SeenON PRS OE Sard Oe Rane mee ne 28 
erie Cave Herion. 300Utsso rc ce ice cel: at 
A hee ELL Ba oN 0G SL Fata re 23 
PREP Rs COUNLY: CAVCS 22 ioce oe tictencceiecncck oe srece 6, 23, 25, 134 
Pater Ounlyan alurai DridggeG.c.....-. 29 
ORNS ALS LEON CCL AALS Sees Sete ne Se mene ee neO ee ork ene 23, 25 
Bere DO PAnCliy CAV Gi eo eee Ge Ae nr he bale eo. 28 
mareror the Hundred Domess... ee 20 
COSTED SS SAS 01) La ES a EIR Rs nan ER: nem ty Ot Bn RC 20) 
COECTERIIG Cy a et IE: boglan ct Ona URE: Pe VON NMR Es Man i we ca 2] 
Marea OTSIees POM OW. ee ee ce a ee Oe uh 
RSERE ALL es eee ee) eel ed eee See 72, 74 
OU ETS SOO 420” ENS ses Necal nied gaa ae "TO ay aed 4] 
RRR ERIPOUACTLG, pore ee en i ore ee te le ae Bo 17 
DER Sg 9M Bs Pc A eee a SE a ee oy, Sten 41 
Bete rrein el We ES sat ne fon re en ee ty 76 


INDEX 


Page 
Civil War ec eee ee 38 
Coal MGASUL OCS fern eras ees 12, .26, 31; 33, 40 
Coal Measure Sandstones..................---.---.-- Peters 2S. 47 
Golossal Gaves i102 eB ae eee ree case 17 
Crandall oe Rvacceccree ope verecs nce eeacene tee ane 30 
Confederate"ATrmy 222. reece 41 
GUM Dertand gh lis ote cere ee ee 2, 3, 5, 31, 34 
Cumberland? Falls Station..22...2..... ee 33 
Gumberland Falls and Gorge)... eee 36 
Camberland:Fort).......e eee 40) 
(Sum Derlam) Gay Fava eee 39, 40, 45 
Cumberland: GOree ecicteccencceeveee eee of 
Gurmberland® Mts. =< S225 2.5.. ee ee 31, 53 
Gumberland zRiver..-.. 3. 61 

Ty: 
Devil Sink’ HOoNOWa eee Lid 
PHiamond..Cave: 3.52 eee 20 
Dix: RIVOr =n eee ee eee 15, 78, -79 
Dixie YA ROUte ie co iecat ccpnneneae toe 45 
Dorsey :Cave-.... Se ai ee 20 
Doyles: Gave os ce eece kk ee eee 20 
E. 

EiGHO® RAV CT icecicctetes ss bce eee ene eee 14 
Hdmonson County, KY... ee eee 6; 12.40 
ie 
Flatt. to -McLean.....2.3 ee ee eee 9 
Foster, Stephen -Ce 2282.43 eee 2 
Fox, John swan ee eee eee 5Y 
Pultom County, Wy .. 7? 
Fultons;iMe Lisson, eee 74 
G. 

Ganters Cave) 22k oe ee ee ee 20 
Gasper, Limestoné 22 eee 23, 26 
Garrard: County, KY. oc: ee ee 6 
Gsrrison. 2... Seo catia ee ce ee 28 
Glasgow. Junction. ....45..a ee eee 18 
Grandsklverec oe. eee inigth ukncgic ee 64 
Grayson KY. i2.kie oe ee eee 28 
Great Crystal: Cave. co occcssnetet ee 20 
Great. ONYX Cave seccexs, oe cece eet en 20 
Great.Onyx Cave,.Stalactites:in:.2.2-.:....2.1n-eeeee ab 
Greens River. tee ee ee 12; 14,516. test 
Gulf Him Daye bans oeccscccs occa nonccsc es tcc ee ee 


INDEX 


i. Page 
PUM TRES RATE TS UN Uo re Seth cd a cunt Sadueoindeecthaeeeabanaen a 
OW SUE ¢ 46 1 ee ne ne Re LOE Meee On Line 6 
eR MECCED 0s te Ve osc A arid ee Be at tia ete 17 
REMIT CN TMRUSES GV Pgs oe ee ae oes Stee ee ee 70 
aT PEt Wl 0 1 0 he a ec an eee eee 20 
ag DEY Cs A a, OS re ao reentoeiee ete 75, 79, 85 
UEP TRIAS CREA (SL VO es oe ee, aia ee eee 20 
eee) Tree TT el ELTA CRE Ge ELIE Y (Oy os nce cect rec adonhc Pirehwan 63, 64 
CSE NOH jE A oo Oa a Fe aah Re 30 
Berard Cais 0 Ce ee Oe ene rk, Ae en ee ee ees 20 
ema UECSEER Re ULIGe EL NTL LGT o-oo. oc an poate sacssice eee ec ne nee 9 
PMU CELLO LLL ine ee On ere ee Lh 
eG SR Noon WS, en Scape emp sacnce ned saudtncecenuoe arnt 9, 20 
OS SDS PEL Shea CT) gana Mie ae aa NO Popes ba aot ene 67 
iT 
CRE REVI me HU Ce ae Ra ee i pg 61, 66 
iva BES geese WOES Bo a go en ee ee noe ere 61, 65 
ERS 5 ah AT RE: 0 dada ee ck HA Se AEE wine eer Ee 9, 39 
OSE GRRE fe 8 at ID Dict ra ee Sante oe eR ee RO Bene 20 
ale 
WTOC Pei 7 pall (ee ee see! ge ee ee ee eae ene 41 
SUR PeTES TSC. er ee ere ys) Re 82 
TLE TSE VUE 1 SRR es IE As aE OE coc Oo L114 
K. 
ETS Tse AR Bae ean a 2 il a 20 
COTES UD TR ae Be ES a Ti a Ca SSR ee nO ca 12 
Perel MTR TIRVC OSTA TVs = ee ote ees Ce 14 
mMentueky .Geolozical Survey iv. .cc. ccc --cecececcntceceeaedd. we 30 
eprtL ATMs AVLOULTI Pe Ti ee ee ae ee ed 58 
OMIM EE VOT CLV Ol ee oe ee eee 78 
Peet erecicy it iver Gore 5 es ote es lk 6, 75, 80, 83 
POETS AD PCRS ep iy te ed 2S Se Re 41 
USER Pie 20, Ng Re ele ae eae Is SS eo 66 
iv; 
ERA CGR Dig ob A A tek hl De spe Re i ae OP Rae ate 28 
Bremer TROT OTR Gre eg ag es 49 
Lee Sandstone ............. Ss Na Ree REN A 41 
ee DST Re gnc cee t OD eS 5 tee ae ee | 58 
Bette VENG (AVE. 2 ek A 2 ee ote 20 
Parsee TESTE CTC we gk 8 eae er ee ee a | 
he ga pps pee BS a ap, a a ee ee eee 14 
mdtevile ec Nashville Hy Roo... ee hes 47 
RMSTML MYR LW eet en 8 a ee eo ee ean are = 6, 61 


M. Page 
McCreary? County -iccseii stn eee 6G; aL 
Mammoth Cave ........ 1;-2, 3, 6,--9;-11, 12, 15, D8) 2iee 
Mammoth Cave, Entrance to Scud sind gee ee 13 
Mammoth. Caye, Region. about.4........ eee 16. 
Mercer. County a8 8a ee ee WERE Ad 6 
Middlesboro inane etn ene 44, 45 
Middlesboro.Syncline-_..«.............0.2.5..0 41 
Mill Creé kins sien oe ee eee -33 
Minor: bake.2 scx eee eee 70 
MISSIssiDDIGR lVera:c:cat ee 66, 74 
MisSsissippi«< Valleys sees eis cn ee 68 
N. 
Naturale Bridweriss fice cere ee 6, 47, 48 
Natural »Bridge -Rezion...2 2... eee 50 
Nelson Gounty- 22.0 ee ee eee ak 
New Entrance to Mammoth Caye_.2. = 20 
New Madrid: distirbance....... 2 eee 74 
New tate’ Capitola. circ cect cee 1 
North: Garolina: 2.2 eee 39 
Los 
Oo LR UV Gr eee ree cee ee oe 23, 66 
Ohio: RiversLowlands*23.. eee 67, 69 
Ohio: Valley occ eee ee 28 
Old Kentucky -Homé. 2)... eee 2 
Ordovician 20.05 ee ee epee 75. 
Otter. Creeks ee ac ln eee 81 
Owens Hollow. 2.3.4 ee eee ie 
Ox: Lake... ee eee 70 
ise 
Pad wed be .<35. Asta ee eee mein, 61, 66 
Parker Caves s.- 8 ee eee Pee ee 21 
Penn yrile (2 oe eee 61 
Pike} Cown yi ee ee ee 57 
Pine: Mountaine- Op 20; 61 24 tba Roane + 
Pineville: cue cena eee See 
Pinnacle Mountain .22...053 eee 39, ve 
Pottsville: group. 4 scccs- ope bee 41 
Pottsville: series... hein 55 
Powell..County 2.223... = eee 6 
Powell: Rivetice i ee 39 
Prairie. bake 2550 ea 70 
Preston Cover. cat wines ee ee 20 
Proctor,..J OWN 2N. i: sectsctwccenssenigeatsc-ceasch cee -<sn ee oe 30 


Q. Page 
GET SELEY exccreucspe sce. ogo oe Presi ee = k Atheentne eeeect Be 47, 49 
S245 gs 271 a PW a: Bases ee gee Tm Ty iy fl IR (ey i are! 
TAL AUGULAT SB ee ek ee ~ 59 
Ty Sa nt REC ane a RS I 5 “EAT ae ROD DPC Se 2 
SNES EEE) YB gece rh eh he ee eee os Sandee cc ka daaneeccclepitag 5b, 57 
Ss. 
OREBaCPRSOEE OVIT ELIT TCG Ce ek cee cscs et cnc esa et coel svheeeks 26 
SE VRE IG = 3.2 20 OE a oT cee er 20 
LT Ss pd 2 CS en a 72 
Efe JT eet oie SYS Sale nel aie eae pee rae kat aan el Seale tate 67 
Parnionie. Hardware ‘COMpany.. wees. 63 
eis Seer ae CCAS Oe ae atk ee er aes Mee gs Ss Ne SS 53 
PPE MITOLT UGA ILE WER coe sit a oe a 719 
Bar tenevieve-fOormation........--<.-2.....4:0<e00c-- saeco 220, cao 
Damm SUFERER LT COP TLL I O Lier oe ose ee re oes 12 
met meena Th) Ele ea es eee a OR ee 10 
miate Game and Fish» Commission:....:..:.....-.....-<.: 63 
State Park Commission of Kentucky...............0........ ayy 
PURITIPT GUT Cy Clare he er te 28 
4 Bi 
LETS WES TIS ne gee aie eee Sirs Se SS 39, 45, 64 
AS Ce go) ged tae © pa Sn, co ee ge 62 
eS Ce a me Re ie ae a ie ae cee a er 6, 61 
SLteeti clic? Ce Por y Sella LOl eee, yl oe eee 4 
Line TG Popa § FOr Oe RRS, Og 2 ae ie eee ee | it 
Ramee PESOS ECCT TV eg a a ea cn es 5 Ses een eo aL 
BRRRTE RTE RAS TOC ICS goo al ar ek oe ves edd ca da voec ss Za, 20, 20 
Us 
OS, FNS Tk eda Se aS See SE 41 
(OCA MURS Wee Pa a ee a ee 14 
Via 
Oa SWAY ERAS 9 gE 9 Ree ae a kn a9, 45, 53 
W. 
mere Te me Pees INA te eee, ee he eee 39 
TOES VIUECE By Gand Cp ia) ake eS A ee A 9 
COS Td So aI See ye Set ge ee ca oe eae TS 
RPL E CET UTY Vek rege a ee gs ed Oa SON aA ce tcu aye 
OE EET Ugg yes US ey SE a Se ers eee SRR 20 
ES aa iT a cg 6 A a eS eee epwarsa b 
ee 0) eee Pe eee nel eee. 68, 70 
SEER TOR OURS LUULT (ho EG Vw aoe te eet as oll eae A sea a 4 
UNE RPERE EVENS CVU IIT Vue ty Veo Sl ete we a ens Sra me encdewen 6 


~<f 91 Be 


INDEX 


x Page 
EX CA VG: ccccstice i cceccecacecerecSecheics eset 24, 28 
Y. 
YM. GC. A, GCamp...2........ ll —————— it 
Z. 


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UNIVERSITY OF ILLINO! 


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